Theme: The Elcano Global Presence Index (IEPG, after its Spanish acronym) captures the changes in the global presence of 60 countries. This year’s edition is especially focused on the European Union.
Summary: As in the two previous editions, the IEPG calculates the global presence of a selection of countries in the economic, military and soft fields. The 2012 edition of the IEPG widens the choice of countries to 60, as well as designing an IEPG for the European Union and a European presence index (IEPE, after its Spanish acronym) for each of the 27 member states. This document summarises the methodology underlying the IEPG. Secondly, it explains the methodological challenges and solutions in calculating an index to evaluate the global presence of a ‘United States of Europe’. Finally, it describes the methodology of the IEPE, which is calculated for the 27 EU member states in 2012. The Annex provides a list of estimated cases.
Introduction
This paper presents the methodology employed for the third edition of the Elcano Global Presence Index (IEPG). This 2012 IEPG aims to measure and order the global presence of 60 countries in the spheres of the economy (energy, trade and investments), the military and soft power (migration, tourism, sport, culture, information, technology, science, education and development cooperation).
The methodology is obviously based on that of the previous edition (2011 IEPG),[1] which had in turn been the result of the debates following the first edition (2010).[2] The second edition had introduced changes to both the means of calculating global presence in certain dimensions and the way in which they were combined to build the final synthetic index –though this did not involve changing the definition or the functionality of the index, or its methodological pillars–. For this third edition, the IEPG methodology is now deemed to be consolidated.
This year, efforts have focuded instead on making full use of the index’s analytical and explanatory capacity. Of the many changes in the international scene, the most prominent has been the economic –and increasingly political, and even military– rise of a significant group of developing countries. The most notable example is China, which is now the second-largest global economy, but the number of cases is rapidly increasing. This goes beyond the debate over whether convergence is growing between the Southern and Northern blocs. Another hotly debated issue is Europe’s present situation as a political, economic and social union. The current crisis and the problems in resolving it, and therefore with European governance, have dominated many of the analyses by academics and think tanks in recent years.[3]
Moreover, in its Action Plan for 2013, the Elcano Royal Institute set out priority lines of analysis which seek to define Spain’s role in the world and in Europe, and the role of Europe itself on the global stage.
Given its practical purpose –to serve both the analyses conducted by the Elcano Royal Institute and those of other institutions– the current edition of the IEPG seeks to respond, at least partially, to these research and analysis needs. It therefore complements the methodology of the previous two editions with three new additions. First, as well as updating the IEPG with a new 2012 edition, six new countries have been added to the selection for which the IEPG is calculated, bringing the total to 60. These are Algeria, Egypt, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates. The aim is to enhance the IEPG database with emerging and developing economies, increasing the index’s scope as a tool for analysing international relations and the world economy (section 1).
Secondly, to fulfil one of the aims envisaged since the first edition of the index, the IEPG 2012 is published together with the IEPG-EU, which is the global presence index of the EU of 27 member states. In this exercise of ‘political fiction’, the aim is to measure the EU’s global presence considering it as a political, economic and social union –in other words, as a ‘United States of Europe’–. The aim, as for individual countries, is to provide a tool and a measure to allow the real, objective and tangible presence of the EU to be valued and compared with its relative weight on the global stage (section 2).
The specific issues concerning the EU can also be explored further with the third addition to the IEPG, which is actually a new index. In this edition, the IEPG includes the Elcano European Presence Index (IEPE). This ‘IEPG on a European scale’ serves to measure the presence of each of the 27 member states in the specific sphere of the EU and since 2005. The aim is to offer an analytical tool to facilitate, for instance, the study of internal (im)balances within Europe, between central and peripheral countries (section 3).
Main elements of the Elcano Global Presence Index (IEPG)
By global presence we understand the effective positioning, in absolute terms, of the different countries in the world economy, society and political system. The IEPG thus measures the presence of a range of countries –and not their power or influence– in the spheres of the economy, defence and other soft areas of external presence such as culture, sport, tourism, migration, science, information, technology, education and international development cooperation.
This measure is achieved using objective and tangible data and excluding opinions and perception-related data. Similarly, the aim is not to measure the countries’ level of insertion in the globalisation process or their degree of openness towards it –factors which are already measured by other indices of globalisation or economic freedom–. Rather, it explores their total international presence and projection compared to other countries and in relation to their own track record. Finally, the focus is exclusively on results-based presence, rather than on the efforts made by each country to achieve its presence through, for instance, its adherence to supranational governance structures or budgetary expenditure.
In pursuit of these aims, the criteria used to select the variables and indicators of the index are as follows. First, presence is reflected in a single direction –what could be deemed its unidirectionality–. Secondly, it is the results of presence that are measured and not the means to achieve them. In addition, all the variables have an explicitly external component, in the sense that they reflect cross-border presence. Presence is given in absolute and not relative terms; in other words, the indicators are not proportional to the demographic or economic size of the country whose presence is being calculated. Next, the IEPG measures the quantity of presence and not its nature. Likewise, as for any other index, the best explanatory capacity is sought with the fewest variables or indicators possible. In seventh and final place, hard data on presence are taken and not data based on judgments or opinions.
This year’s edition of the IEPG covers the global presence of a selection of 60 countries. The initial selection –for which the two previous editions were calculated– comprised 54 countries including the 42 with the highest GDP in current price terms, according to World Bank data from 2008.[4] That selection also included States which do not belong to this group but which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and/or the EU. In addition, all the member countries of the G-20 happened to be represented in one or other of the groups of countries (Table 1).
Algeria, Egypt, the Philippines, Pakistan, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates are the next six countries in the ranking of leading economies, according to the World Bank’s calculations for 2008. Adding these six countries, however, is also a way of updating the list of countries for which the IEPG is calculated since they have moved up the ranking between 2008 and 2011. In 2011, the United Arab Emirates were the 28th world economy, with Singapore the 41st, Egypt the 43rd, the Philippines the 44th, Pakistan the 47th and Algeria the 49th. Thus, including these other countries the IEPG is calculated in this edition for the top 49 world economies by the 2011 GDP in current dollars, according to the World Bank.
Aside from any other countries that might be incorporated into next year’s edition, Croatia will be a definite addition, since it joins the EU in July 2013.
Finally, in terms of country selection, bear in mind that by making calculations at time intervals that go back to 1990, the intention of the project is to show the ‘two-bloc world’, even if in decline. Thus Russia’s 1990 values refer to those of the Soviet Union, those of Germany to the German Federal Republic, those of the Czech Republic to Czechoslovakia, and those of Slovenia to Yugoslavia.
Table 1. List of IEPG countries
| Algeria | Hungary | Philippines |
| Argentina | Iceland | Poland |
| Australia | India | Portugal |
| Austria | Indonesia | Romania |
| Belgium | Iran | Russia |
| Brazil | Ireland | Saudi Arabia |
| Bulgaria | Israel | Singapore |
| Canada | Italy | Slovakia |
| Chile | Japan | Slovenia |
| China | Latvia | South Africa |
| Colombia | Lithuania | South Korea |
| Cyprus | Luxembourg | Spain |
| Czech Republic | Malaysia | Sweden |
| Denmark | Malta | Switzerland |
| Egypt | Mexico | Thailand |
| Estonia | Netherlands | Turkey |
| Finland | Nigeria | United Arab Emirates |
| France | Norway | United Kingdom |
| Germany | New Zealand | United States |
| Greece | Pakistan | Venezuela |
The areas of external presence included in the Index are those of Economic, Military and Soft presence. For each of these, indicators have been used which seek to capture all of the dimensions of external presence in each of these spheres. The variables, indicators and sources for this 2012 IEPG are the same as for the previous edition (Table 2). For more details on the debates and criteria that guided this selection, see Olivié & Molina (2011 and 2012).
In the case of the Information variable, at the end of 2012 the series of the International Telecommunication Union continued to offer data only up to 2010; therefore, for the 2012 IEPG, the data included for the previous year is repeated. In the case of Technology, the series provided by the World Intellectual Property Organization includes data up until the year 2011. Nevertheless, the data since 2009 shows abnormalities due to pending updates. A decision was therefore taken to repeat the values used for the 2011 and 2012 IEPG editions. Regarding Development cooperation, it has not been possible to obtain data for any of the six new cases, either from national or other international sources, on the volume of cooperation disbursed or budgeted. It was therefore deemed preferable, as for the 2011 IEPG, to consider that development cooperation in those countries had no presence in the total rather than making an estimate.[5]
In this 2012 edition, around 400 figures have been estimated. Thus, the proportion of missing and estimated cases only reaches 7% of the database, which includes over 5,400 observations. Again, the hot-deck method has been used for these estimates.
This year, as in the 2011 edition, the performance of the variables is assumed to be linear with the exception of Sports, and the minimum and maximum limits on the scales have not changed either. When adding up the variables in the three groups of Presence and also for the final index, the weightings obtained in the survey carried out for the last edition are maintained.
Table 2. IPEG variables, indicators and sources
| Indicator | Description | Source |
| Economic Presence | ||
| Energy | Flow of exports of energy products (oil, refined products and gas) (SITC 333, 334, 343) | UNCTADStat |
| Primary goods | Flow of exports of primary goods (food, beverages, tobacco, agricultural commodities, non-ferrous metals, pearls, precious stones and non-monetary gold), excluding oil (SITC 0 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 68 + 667+ 971) | |
| Manufacturesgodos | Flow of manufactured goods (chemical products, machinery, transport equipment, other manufactured products) (SITC 5 to 8 minus 667 and 68) | |
| Services | Flow of exports of services in transport, construction, insurance, financial services, IT, the media, intellectual property, other business services, personal, cultural and leisure services, and public services | |
| Investments | Stock of foreign direct investment abroad | |
| Military presence | ||
| Troops | Number of military personnel deployed in international missions and bases overseas | IISS – The Military Balance Report |
| Military equipment | Weighted sum of aircraft carriers, big ships, destroyers, frigates, nuclear-powered submarines, amphibious ships, medium and heavy strategic aeroplanes and air tankers | |
| Soft presence | ||
| Migrations | Estimated number of international immigrants in the country at mid year | United Nations Population Division |
| Tourism | Thousands of arrivals of non-resident tourists at borders | United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) – Statistics Database |
| Sports | Weighted sum of points in the FIFA world ranking and medals won at summer Olympic Games | FIFA and IOC |
| Culture | Exports of audiovisual services (cinematographic productions, radio and television programmes, and musical recordings) | WTO – International Trade Statistics and own estimation |
| Information | Internet bandwidth (Mbps) | International Telecommunication Union |
| Technology | Foreign-oriented patents: number of inter-related patent applications filed in one or more foreign countries to protect the same invention | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) – Statistics Database |
| Science[6] | Number of articles published in the fields of the arts and humanities, social sciences and sciences | Thomson Reuters – Web of Knowledge |
| Education | Number of foreign students in tertiary education on national territory | UNESCO – Institute for Statistics, OECD – iLibrary and own estimate |
| Development cooperation | Total gross flows of official development aid or comparable data | OECD – International Development Statistics and Development Co-operation Report 2010 (DAC countries) and own estimate |
Incorporating the EU into the IEPG
One of the new features of this year’s edition of the IEPG is its calculation for the EU-27. This exercise is designed to quantify the global projection of the Union, as if it were a political and economic union with its own identity. In general terms, the methodology involves totalling the global presence of each member state and deducting intra-EU flows. As will be described below, however, the exercise has not been free of methodological challenges.
(2.1) Methodological assumptions and challenges
The first year for which the IEPG of the EU is calculated is 2005. This is the first time interval after the major 2004 enlargement to incorporate 10 new member states, which increased the EU to 25. To form the current EU-27, Romania and Bulgaria were also incorporated in 2007, thus creating the first methodological challenge. This has been resolved by calculating the IEPG of the EU in 2005 for a theoretical EU-27 which groups together the EU of the 25 existing members that year as well as Bulgaria and Romania.
Moreover, to measure the EU’s presence in the world, the same variables used in the IEPG calculations for the rest of the countries must always be maintained, insofar as possible, to facilitate comparison. For each of these variables and for each European country, the intra-EU and extra-EU flows must be differentiated, since merely totalling the results of each member state would also record their projection in other member states –consider, for example, the intra- and extra-European trade in German goods–. This distinction between flows has been made feasible by using additional sources of data, and especially Eurostat.
In some cases the problem is not merely an accounting or a statistical one, as would again be the case with trade in goods. Some variables pose a conceptual challenge. Consider the cases of Sports, Information, Technology and Science, which are by definition variables of global projection, making it complicated to extract the intra- or extra-EU component from their global presence (see subheading 2.2).
Finally, as previously shown (Olivié & Molina, 2011 and 2012), the scale used ranges between a theoretical minimum of 0 and a maximum of 1,000 points for the maximum value recorded in each series in 2010. This maximum value has been respected so that the EU as a whole can exceed the value of 1,000.
(2.2) Variables in the IEPG-EU: Economic presence
For all of the variables within the economic dimension –energy, trade in primary goods, manufactures, and services and investments– using Eurostat has allowed a differentiation between intra- and extra-EU flows. The database itself makes it possible to select the EU-27 as the origin of flows and the rest of the world (excluding the EU itself) as the destination. For all the variables, Eurostat data are offered in euros, while those recorded for the rest of the IEPG countries are in dollars. Therefore, the results in euros have been converted into dollars using the euro-dollar exchange rate of the last month of the year, according to Eurostat.
Military presence. Within Military presence, the IEPG includes the troops deployed throughout the world and the capacities required for their deployment. The same data source which is used for the IEPG as a whole (IISS) also provides the required data on the troops of each member country deployed outside EU territory. In the case of equipment, it is deemed in its entirety to be a tool of external projection, since the internal and external space of the EU cannot be distinguished here. Therefore, the decision was taken to combine the military capacities of each member state and grant this value to the EU as a whole.
Soft presence
Migrations. To measure the EU’s presence in migration flows, the number of immigrants from outside the Union has been used for each member state. Eurostat provides data on the immigrants with European nationality in each member state, which is subtracted from the total immigration figure offered by the United Nations. The aggregate value of this result for each member state is the value accorded to the EU-27.
Tourism. As in the case of migration, Eurostat offers data on the number of travellers originating from within the EU who stay in tourist establishments –a figure which can be subtracted from the total–. Nonetheless, the series has only been in existence since 2007, so that year has been used to build the IEPG-EU for 2005.
Sports. The Sports variable presents significant methodological difficulties when it comes to differentiating its presence inside and outside Europe given its intrinsic global dimension. It is measured on the results of the most recent summer Olympic Games and male professional soccer. In order to establish a proxy for sport projection outside Europe, television audiences have been used –which also serve to weight each sporting modality within the total IEPG–.
The audience report drawn up by Kantar Media for FIFA [8] puts the European audience at the last football World Cup final (South Africa 2010) at 33%, while the European audience for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Pekin in 2008 was 30% of the total according to Nielsen. [9] Therefore, we consider the EU’s external projection in Sport to account for 70% of the combined projection of its member states.
Culture. As for Economic presence, each member state’s exports outside Europe of audiovisual works are combined. The data is available on Eurostat.
Information. Many of the methodological discussions have centred on building an EU-27 indicator for the Information variable. Bearing in mind that the IEPG uses each country’s bandwidth capacity, it is impossible to differentiate the intra- and extra-European presence using this same variable. At the same time, the EU includes the leading countries in information technology development, which have very high values in the series compared to other non-European countries. Therefore, a decision was taken to keep the same variable and give the EU the maximum value registered by a member state in each year for which the IEPG is calculated. In the case of the IEPG 2012, this is the UK’s.
Technology. Measuring the EU’s technological presence using the patents aimed at the external market has not been free of difficulties either. First, despite the fact that the World Intellectual Property Organization –the source used for the indicator in the IEPG– offers the possibility of selecting Europe as the patent issuer, it applies the geographical rather then the political conception of the region, thus including more countries than those in the EU-27. Therefore, a decision was taken to add up the values recorded for each member state of the EU-27. Secondly, however, the data do not distinguish between the patents registered inside or outside Europe, but rather simply record those aimed at the external market for each member state. One possible way of resolving this problem is to correct the series with that of patents registered in the European Patent Office (EPO) –which only records those for European use– but specialists in the field advise against the combined used of these two sources since they are not considered methodologically comparable. [10]
Finally, following the recommendation of the World Intellectual Property Organization itself, the data on patents aimed at the external market of each member state and registered in other European countries were selected in the same database, and then subtracted from the sum total of patents for each member of the EU-27.
Science. In the case of Science, the EU value was reached by adding up the values of each member state. Scientific presence, measured through articles published in scientific journals, is considered of global reach, without it being posible to discount the presence in specific geographic spaces –similarly, to calculate the IEPG for the US no attempt is made to deduct the scientific presence in some spaces from others–.
Education. Measuring the EU’s presence in the educational sphere requires data on the number of non-EU students in tertiary education. Eurostat gives the number of EU students [11] following tertiary education in each member state. The difference between the sum of the figures used for each member state to calculate the IEPG total –ie, the number of foreign students in tertiary education– and the sum of the foreign but EU students gives the total number of non-EU students taking tertiary education in the EU.
Development cooperation. This is only concerned with cooperation aimed at developing countries, as defined by the OECD. None of those is a member of the EU, hence by definition the sum of the aid given by EU member states provides the indicator of the Union’s global presence in this sphere.
Table 3. IEPG-EU variables, indicators and sources
| Indicator | Description | Source |
| Economy | ||
| Energy | Extra-EU flows of exports of energy products (oil, refined products and gas) (SITC 333, 334, 343) | Eurostat |
| Primary goods | Extra-EU flows of exports of primary goods (food, beverages, tobacco, agricultural commodities, non-ferrous metals, pearls, precious stones and non-monetary gold), excluding oil (SITC 0 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 68 + 667+ 971) | |
| Manufactures | Extra-EU flows of manufactured goods (chemical products, machinery, transport equipment, other manufactured products) (SITC 5 to 8 minus 667 and 68) | |
| Services | Extra-EU flows of exports of services in transport, construction, insurance, financial services, IT, the media, intellectual property, other business services, personal, cultural and leisure services, and public services | |
| Investments | Stock of foreign direct investment outside the EU | |
| Military presence | IISS – The Military Balance Report | |
| Troops | Number of military personnel deployed in international missions and bases overseas | |
| Military equipment | Weighted sum of aircraft carriers, big ships, destroyers, frigates, nuclear-powered submarines, amphibious ships, medium and heavy strategic aeroplanes and air tankers | |
| Soft presence | ||
| Migrations | Estimated number of immigrants from outside the EU | United Nations Population Division and Eurostat |
| Tourism | Thousands of arrivals of tourists from outside the EU | Statistics database of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and Eurostat |
| Sports | Weighted sum of points in the FIFA world ranking and medals won at summer Olympic Games for each EU member state Corrective variable: European audience at the World Cup Final and the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games | FIFA and ICO Reports by Kantar Media and Nielsen |
| Culture | Extra-EU exports of audiovisual services (cinematographic productions, radio and televisión programmes, and musical recordings) | Eurostat |
| Information | Maximum internet bandwidth (Mbps) in the EU installed in a member state | International Telecommunication Union |
| Technology | Foreign-oriented patents for the total EU member states: number of inter-related patent applications filed in one or more foreign countries to protect the same invention Corrective variable: patents registered for each member state in other member states | World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) – Statistics Database |
| Science | Number of European articles published in the fields of the arts and humanities, social sciences and sciences | Thomson Reuters – Web of Knowledge |
| Education | Number of non-EU foreign students in tertiary education in the EU | UNESCO – Institute for Statistics, OECD – iLibrary and Eurostat |
| Development cooperation | Total gross flows of official development aid for all member states | OECD – International Development Statistics and Development Co-operation Report 2010 (DAC countries) |
Elcano European Presence Index (IEPE)
The third new feature in this edition of the IEPG is the incorporation of a measure of the presence of the EU-27 member states within the Union itself: the Elcano European Presence Index (IEPE). To some extent, methodologically, this indicator is the flipside of the IEPG-EU. In a similar way to the IEPG, it shows the cross-border presence of the member states, which in the case of the IEPE is limited to the European (and not global) space. The methodology thus allows comparisons between member states, but not with the IEPG of other countries. It facilitates a comparative analysis of the current situation and recent evolution of the positioning of European countries within the Union. In addition, comparing member states’ positions in the IEPE and the IEPG can offer significant information.
(3.1) Methodological assumptions and challenges
The IEPE aims to be an IEPG on a European scale, so the structure and methodology of the IEPG have been respected as far as possible, although some slight modifications have occasionally proved essential. Thus, in general terms, the IEPE modifies the IEPG by reducing the measures of presence on a global scale to the intra-European scale –for example, intra-EU migration flows, exports to the rest of the EU or European foreign students–. It almost always does so by using Eurostat data, just as for the calculation of the IEPG-EU. Obviously, the change in scale also reduces the scaling: the value of 1,000 assigned to the maximum indicator of the 2010 series in the IEPG is given, in the case of the IEPE, to the maximum value registered in 2010 by a member state and for the intra-European presence series.
Just as for the IEPG-EU, and with the same variables, conceptual problems emerge: how can we differentiate the intra-EU presence of Sport when this is measured by Olympic medals and FIFA points? And the bandwidth that reflects presence in terms of information? Or academic publications? For the IEPE we have resolved this methodological problem by changing the scaling: the same values for each of the variables Sport, Information and Science are maintained, establishing the maximum value exclusively as that of the member state series.
Finally, just like the IEPG-EU, the IEPE is calculated from 2005 onwards for each member state of the EU-27. Although the 27-member EU was not formed until 2007 with the incorporation of Romania and Bulgaria, the IEPE of these countries is also calculated in 2005.
(3.2) Changes in the variables
Economic presence. To measure economic presence within the IEPE, the same variables have been maintained as in the IEPG. As in the calculation of the IEPG-EU, using an alternative source –Eurostat– has facilitated the differentiation of intra-EU exports of energy, primary goods, manufactures and services from the total, as well as the disaggregation of the investment stock of each member state in the EU-27 from the global amount (Table 4).
Military presence. Military presence is not included as a variable in the IEPE: European troops are almost all deployed outwith European territory, as are their related capacities. In general terms, the military dimension can be considered uncharacteristic of intra-European presence. It is therefore given a value of zero for each member state and each year in the calculation of the IEPE.
Soft presence
Migrations. The presence of each member state in migration flows is measured according to the number of residents with the nationality of another EU-27 country. The data source is Eurostat.
Tourism. Eurostat provides data on the number of travellers from within the EU staying in tourist establishments for all of the member states, with the exception of Ireland. The series has only been in existence since 2007, so that year has been used to build the IEPG-EU for 2005. In the case of Ireland, the data have been obtained from the World Tourism Organization.
Sport. The methodological problems that the Sport variable presents have already been discussed and they are the same here as for the construction of this series in the IEPG-EU. As indicated under the earlier subheading, the problem is resolved by changing the scaling to adapt it to the European space. The data source is the same as for the IEPG.
Culture. The presence of the member states in cultural matters within the EU-27 is measured by intra-European exports of audiovisual services –data obtained from Eurostat–. Nevertheless, this source does not offer information on the intra-European exports of Spain, [12] Portugal, [13], Greece [14] and the UK. [15] Therefore, national data sources have had to be used in these specific cases. [16]
Information. As has already been mentioned, this variable presents the methodological challenge of how to disaggregate a specific regional presence for a concept which is intrinsically global. As with Sport and Science, the figure recorded for the IEPG –in this case, installed bandwidth capacity– is maintained, even if its contribution to the IEPE changes in line with the change in scaling, which only includes the maximum and minimum values within the EU-27.
Technology. While Technology in the IEPG is measured by the total external-oriented patents, measuring the intra-European presence involves using the data on patents registered with the European Patent Office, which Eurostat gathers. It records the patents valid in all of the signatory countries of the European Patent Convention, that is the 27 EU member states and another 11 countries. [17] The indicator is not perfect since the European space of reference does not coincide exactly with that of the EU-27.
Science. Here too, the IEPE is the result of the values that each member state records for the IEPG with a change in scale to the European space. The reference points remain the scientific publications in journals indexed by Thomson Reuters in the Web of Knowledge.
Education. To measure presence in Education in the IEPE, data is used that shows the number of EU students [18] in tertiary education in each member state, according to Eurostat.
Development cooperation. For the same reasons as Military presence, Development cooperation presence has been left out of the IEPE. By definition, the aid flows channelled from the EU and its member states cannot be directed to other members of the Union. Here too, a value of zero is assigned to this variable in each member state and for each year.
Table 4. IEPE variables, indicators and sources
| Indicator | Description | Source |
| Economy | ||
| Energy | Intra-EU flows of exports of energy products (oil, refined products and gas) (SITC 333, 334, 343) | Eurostat |
| Primary goods | Intra-EU flows of exports of primary goods (food, beverages, tobacco, agricultural commodities, non-ferrous metals, pearls, precious stones and non-monetary gold), excluding oil (SITC 0 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 68 + 667+ 971) | |
| Manufactures | Intra-EU flows of manufactured goods (chemical products, machinery, transport equipment, other manufactured products) (SITC 5 to 8 minus 667 and 68) | |
| Services | Intra-EU flows of exports of services in transport, construction, insurance, financial services, IT, the media, intellectual property, other business services, personal, cultural and leisure services, and public services | |
| Investments | Stock of foreign direct investment in the EU | |
| Military presence | ||
| Troops | Value 0 for all countries and years | |
| Military equipment | Value 0 for all countries and years | |
| Soft presence | ||
| Migrations | Estimated number of immigrants from within the EU | Eurostat |
| Tourism | Thousands of arrivals of tourists from within the EU | Eurostat |
| Sport | Weighted sum of points in the FIFA world ranking and medals won at the summer Olympic Games | FIFA and IOC |
| Culture | Intra-EU exports of audiovisual services (cinematographic productions, radio and televisión programmes, and musical recordings) | Eurostat and national sources |
| Information | Internet bandwidth (Mbps) | International Telecommunication Union |
| Technology | Number of patents registered at the European Patent Office (EPO) | Eurostat |
| Science | Number of articles published in the fields of the arts and humanities, social sciences and sciences | Thomson Reuters – Web of Knowledge |
| Education | Number of EU foreign students in tertiary education | Eurostat |
| Development cooperation | Value 0 for all countries and years |
Iliana Olivié, Senior Analyst for International Cooperation and Development, Elcano Royal Istitute.
Manuel Gracia, Research assistant, Elcano Royal Istitute.
[1] Iliana Olivié and Ignacio Molina (2012), ‘Measuring the international presence of countries: the Elcano Institute’s IEPG Index methodology revisited’, WP, nº 9/2012 (translated from Spanish), Elcano Royal Institute.
[2] Iliana Olivié and Ignacio Molina (2011), ‘Elcano Global Presence Index’, Estudios Elcano, nº 2 (translated from Spanish), Elcano Royal Institute.
[3] For some recent examples see, for example, Fred Bergsten and Jacob Funk Kirkegaard (2012), ‘The Coming Resolution of the European Crisis’,Petersen Institute for International Economics, PB 12-1; INET Council on the Euro Zone Crisis (2012), Breaking the Deadlock: A Path Out of the Crisis, Institute for New EconomicThinking; Steinberg, Federico (2012), ‘Economía Política de la Reforma de la Gobernanza del Euro’, Principios. Estudios de Economía Política, nº 21, pp. 61-81; Federico Steinberg and Ignacio Molina (2012), ‘El nuevo gobierno del euro: ideas alemanas, intereses divergentes e ideas comunes’, Revista de Economía Mundial, nº 30, pp. 59-81; Benjamin Cohen (2012), ‘The Future of the Euro: Let’s Get Real’, Review of International Political Economy, vol. 19, nº 4, pp. 689-700; and Sebastien Dullien and José Ignacio Torreblanca (2012), ‘What is the Political Union?’, ECFR Policy Brief, nº 70, December.
[4] The year this project started at the Elcano Royal Institute.
[5] In the case of Algeria, although it is assigned a zero value, some instances are known of disbursements to Saharan refugee camps, Palestine and Mali. A similar situation occurs with Pakistan: there are records of programmes in the education sector but the amounts assigned, budgeted or disbursed are unknown. The authors wish to thank Ventura Rodríguez and Bibian Zamora for this information.
[6] Again this year, the authors are grateful to Thomson Reuters (Philipp Purnell and Sébastien Vellay) for their cooperation in providing data to build the Science indicator.
[7] In order to incorporate the EU into the IEPG and build the IEPE, a meeting to discuss methodology was held with various specialists in European, methodological and/or scientific and technological issues. The authors wish to thank them for their contributions and comments. The participants were Alfredo Arahuetes, Marisa Figueroa, Narciso Michavila and José Molero, as well as the analysts of the Elcano Royal Institute Ignacio Molina, Alicia Sorroza and Federico Steinberg, in addition to the authors.
[9] http://www.nielsen.com/content/dam/corporate/us/en/newswire/uploads/2008/08/press_release20.pdf.
[10] The authors are especially grateful to Professor José Molero for his assistance with the methodological solution for this indicator.
[11] The data provided by Eurostat also include students from EU candidate countries (Turkey, Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Serbia), which cannot be deducted.
[12] Data obtained from the Agencia Estatal de la Administración Tributaria. Departamento de Aduanas, Estadísticas de Comercio Exterior. The data include exports of films and hardware with audiovisual content.
[13] Data obtained from the Estatísticas do Comércio Internacional (INE). Exports of hardware with audiovisual content.
[14] Data obtained from the balance of payment statistics provided by the Bank of Greece.
[15] Datos obtained from the Office for National Statistics of the United Kingdom. Exports of cinematographic and television services.
[16] The authors wish to thank Dr Ángel Badillo for his invaluable help in collecting this data.
[17] Albania, Switzerland, Croatia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, San Marino and Turkey.
[18] The data provided by Eurostat also include students from EU candidate countries (Turkey, Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Serbia), which cannot be deducted.
